HOME HELP CONTACT US SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Meister, K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Meister, K. Related Collections Shoulder Baseball

Injuries to the Shoulder in the Throwing Athlete

Part One: Biomechanics/Pathophysiology/Classification of Injury

University of Florida, Department of Orthopedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Gainesville, Florida

* Address correspondence and reprint requests to Keith Meister, MD, 200-B SW 62nd Boulevard, Gainesville, FL 32607

Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in the study and understanding of shoulder mechanics. Much of this may be attributed to the use of more sophisticated technology to improve our ability to assess the shoulder in real-time athletics. As a consequence of these advances, our understanding of the pathophysiology of injury has also increased. Our manual examination skills have improved and our noninvasive diagnostic techniques have advanced greatly. New insight into forces at play during actions as complex as the throwing motion has allowed us to develop better protocols for the prevention and treatment of the most common injuries. Additionally, paralleling improvements in the understanding of shoulder kinematics and the pathophysiology of injury, advances in surgical techniques, particularly arthroscopy, have aided in the diagnosis of and the development of less invasive surgical treatments for injuries that do not respond to nonoperative measures. Undoubtedly, an up-to-date understanding of the developments in shoulder biomechanics, pathophysiology of injury, diagnostic techniques, and surgical management is necessary for the clinician who wishes to continue to apply proper skills in the sports medicine setting.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A M Cools, D Cambier, and E E Witvrouw Screening the athlete's shoulder for impingement symptoms: a clinical reasoning algorithm for early detection of shoulder pathology Br. J. Sports Med., August 1, 2008; 42(8): 628 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A M Cools, G Declercq, B Cagnie, D Cambier, and E Witvrouw Internal impingement in the tennis player: rehabilitation guidelines Br. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2008; 42(3): 165 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Hsu, G. A. Paletta Jr, R. A. Gambardella, and F. W. Jobe Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury in Major League Baseball Pitchers: A Report of 2 Cases Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 2007; 35(6): 1003 - 1006. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Myers, K. G. Laudner, M. R. Pasquale, J. P. Bradley, and S. M. Lephart Glenohumeral Range of Motion Deficits and Posterior Shoulder Tightness in Throwers With Pathologic Internal Impingement Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2006; 34(3): 385 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. E. Coris and H. W. Higgins II First Rib Stress Fractures in Throwing Athletes Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2005; 33(9): 1400 - 1404. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. Borsa, K. E. Wilk, J. A. Jacobson, J. S. Scibek, G. C. Dover, M. M. Reinold, and J. R. Andrews Correlation of Range of Motion and Glenohumeral Translation in Professional Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2005; 33(9): 1392 - 1399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. S. Chen, V. A. Diaz, M. Loebenberg, and J. E. Rosen Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in the Skeletally Immature Athlete J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., May 1, 2005; 13(3): 172 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Werner, J. A. Guido, R. P. McNeice, J. L. Richardson, N. A. Delude, and G. W. Stewart Biomechanics of Youth Windmill Softball Pitching Am. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2005; 33(4): 552 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P C Malliou, K Giannakopoulos, A G Beneka, A Gioftsidou, and G Godolias Effective ways of restoring muscular imbalances of the rotator cuff muscle group: a comparative study of various training methods Br. J. Sports Med., December 1, 2004; 38(6): 766 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Costic, J. E. Labriola, M. W. Rodosky, and R. E. Debski Biomechanical Rationale for Development of Anatomical Reconstructions of Coracoclavicular Ligaments After Complete Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocations Am. J. Sports Med., December 1, 2004; 32(8): 1929 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. T. Kelly, R. P. Barnes, J. W. Powell, and R. F. Warren Shoulder Injuries to Quarterbacks in the National Football League Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2004; 32(2): 328 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A M Cools, E E Witvrouw, G A Declercq, G G Vanderstraeten, and D C Cambier Evaluation of isokinetic force production and associated muscle activity in the scapular rotators during a protraction-retraction movement in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms Br. J. Sports Med., February 1, 2004; 38(1): 64 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Cools, E. E. Witvrouw, G. A. Declercq, L. A. Danneels, and D. C. Cambier Scapular Muscle Recruitment Patterns: Trapezius Muscle Latency with and without Impingement Symptoms Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2003; 31(4): 542 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. T. Kelly, S. I. Backus, R. F. Warren, and R. J. Williams Electromyographic Analysis and Phase Definition of the Overhead Football Throw Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2002; 30(6): 837 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. E. Wilk, K. Meister, and J. R. Andrews Current Concepts in the Rehabilitation of the Overhead Throwing Athlete Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2002; 30(1): 136 - 151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]