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The American Journal of Sports Medicine 26:395-401 (1998)
© 1998 American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine

Determination of the In Situ Forces in the Human Posterior Cruciate Ligament Using Robotic Technology

A Cadaveric Study

Ross J. Fox, MD, Christopher D. Harner, MD{dagger}, Masataka Sakane, MD, Gregory J. Carlin, MS and Savio L.-Y. Woo, PhD

Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Presented at the 2nd World Congress on Sports Trauma/22nd annual meeting of the AOSSM, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, June 1996.

{dagger} Address correspondence and reprint requests to Christopher D. Harner, MD, Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 210 Lothrop Street, POB 71199, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

We examined the in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament as well as the force distribution between its anterolateral and posteromedial bundles. Using a robotic manipulator in conjunction with a universal force-moment sensor system, we applied posterior tibial loads from 22 to 110 N to the joint at 0° to 90° of knee flexion. The magnitude of the in situ force in the posterior cruciate ligament and its bundles was significantly affected by knee flexion angle and posterior tibial loading. In situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament ranged from 6.1 ± 6.0 N under a 22-N posterior tibial load at 0° of knee flexion to 112.3 ± 28.5 N under a 110-N load at 90°. The force in the posteromedial bundle reached a maximum of 67.9 ± 31.5 N at 90° of knee flexion, and the force in the anterolateral bundle reached a maximum of 47.8 ± 23.0 N at 60° of knee flexion under a 110-N load. No significant differences existed between the in situ forces in the two bundles at any knee flexion angle. This study provides insight into the knee flexion angle at which each bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament experiences the highest in situ forces under posterior tibial loading. This information can help guide us in more accurate graft placement, fixation, and tensioning, and serve as an assessment of graft performance.




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