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American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama
American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama
American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama
American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama
Elbow and shoulder kinetics for 26 highly skilled, healthy adult pitchers were calculated using high-speed motion analysis. Two critical instants were 1) shortly before the arm reached maximum external rotation, when 67 N-m of shoulder internal rotation torque and 64 N-m of elbow varus torque were generated, and 2) shortly after ball release, when 1090 N of shoulder com pressive force was produced. Inability to generate suf ficient elbow varus torque may result in medial tension, lateral compression, or posteromedial impingement in jury. At the glenohumeral joint, compressive force, joint laxity, and 380 N of anterior force during arm cocking can lead to anterior glenoid labral tear. Rapid internal rotation in combination with these forces can produce a grinding injury factor on the labrum. After ball release, 400 N of posterior force, 1090 N of compressive force, and 97 N-m of horizontal abduction torque are gener ated at the shoulder; contribution of rotator cuff muscles in generating these loads may result in cuff tensile fail ure. Horizontal adduction, internal rotation, and superior translation of the abducted humerus may cause sub acromial impingement. Tension in the biceps tendon, due to muscle contraction for both elbow flexion torque and shoulder compressive force, may tear the antero superior labrum.
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H. C. Crockett, L. B. Gross, K. E. Wilk, M. L. Schwartz, J. Reed, J. O'Mara, M. T. Reilly, J. R. Dugas, K. Meister, S. Lyman, et al. Osseous Adaptation and Range of Motion at the Glenohumeral Joint in Professional Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2002; 30(1): 20 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Andrews, E. J. H. Heggland, G. S. Fleisig, and N. Zheng Relationship of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Strain to Amount of Medial Olecranon Osteotomy Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2001; 29(6): 716 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Pradhan, E. Itoi, Y. Hatakeyama, M. Urayama, and K. Sato Superior Labral Strain during the Throwing Motion: A Cadaveric Study Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2001; 29(4): 488 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. Werner, T. J. Gill, T. A. Murray, T. D. Cook, and R. J. Hawkins Relationships between Throwing Mechanics and Shoulder Distraction in Professional Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2001; 29(3): 354 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Murray, T. D. Cook, S. L. Werner, T. F. Schlegel, and R. J. Hawkins The Effects of Extended Play on Professional Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2001; 29(2): 137 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. S. Ellenbecker, A. J. Mattalino, E. Elam, and R. Caplinger Quantification of Anterior Translation of the Humeral Head in the Throwing Shoulder: Manual Assessment Versus Stress Radiography Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2000; 28(2): 161 - 167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Kuhn, M. J. Bey, L. J. Huston, R. B. Blasier, and L. J. Soslowsky Ligamentous Restraints to External Rotation of the Humerus in the Late-Cocking Phase of Throwing: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Investigation Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2000; 28(2): 200 - 205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Meister Injuries to the Shoulder in the Throwing Athlete: Part One: Biomechanics/Pathophysiology/Classification of Injury Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2000; 28(2): 265 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. M. Azar, J. R. Andrews, K. E. Wilk, and D. Groh Operative Treatment of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Elbow in Athletes Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2000; 28(1): 16 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. A. MacWilliams, T. Choi, M. K. Perezous, E. Y. S. Chao, and E. G. McFarland Characteristic Ground-Reaction Forces in Baseball Pitching Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 1998; 26(1): 66 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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