| HOME | HELP | CONTACT US | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
|
|
|||||||
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools. |
|||||||||
Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
Fifteen professional major league pitchers were filmed with high speed cinematography. One hundred forty- seven pitches were analyzed using an electromagnetic digitizer and a microcomputer. Three phases of throw ing were studied: cocking, acceleration, and follow- through. The cocking phase is the period of time be tween the initiation of the windup and the moment at which the shoulder is in maximum external rotation. This phase occurs in approximately 1500 ms, and the shoulder is brought into an extreme position of external rotation. The acceleration phase and the initial stages of the follow-through phase produce extraordinary de mands on the shoulder and elbow. The acceleration phase begins with the throwing shoulder in the position of maximum external rotation and terminates with ball release. This phase occurs in approximately 50 ms, and peak angular velocities averaging 6,180 deg/sec for shoulder internal rotation and 4,595 deg/sec for elbow extension were measured. The follow-through phase begins at ball release and continues until the motion of throwing has ceased. This phase occurs in approximately 350 ms.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Matsuura, S. Kashiwaguchi, T. Iwase, Y. Takeda, and N. Yasui Conservative Treatment for Osteochondrosis of the Humeral Capitellum Am. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2008; 36(5): 868 - 872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Reinold, K. E. Wilk, L. C. Macrina, C. Sheheane, S. Dun, G. S. Fleisig, K. Crenshaw, and J. R. Andrews Changes in Shoulder and Elbow Passive Range of Motion After Pitching in Professional Baseball Players Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2008; 36(3): 523 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Ansah, S. Vogt, P. Ueblacker, V. Martinek, K. Woertler, and A. B. Imhoff Osteochondral Transplantation to Treat Osteochondral Lesions in the Elbow J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., October 1, 2007; 89(10): 2188 - 2194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Paletta Jr, S. J. Klepps, G. S. Difelice, T. Allen, M. D. Brodt, M. E. Burns, M. J. Silva, and R. W. Wright Biomechanical Evaluation of 2 Techniques for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow Am. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2006; 34(10): 1599 - 1603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. W. Wright, K. Steger-May, B. L. Wasserlauf, M. E. O'Neal, B. W. Weinberg, and G. A. Paletta Elbow Range of Motion in Professional Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., February 1, 2006; 34(2): 190 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Forthomme, J.-L. Croisier, G. Ciccarone, J.-M. Crielaard, and M. Cloes Factors Correlated With Volleyball Spike Velocity Am. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2005; 33(10): 1513 - 1519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. S. Chen, V. A. Diaz, M. Loebenberg, and J. E. Rosen Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in the Skeletally Immature Athlete J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., May 1, 2005; 13(3): 172 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-L. Yeh, D. Lintner, and Z.-P. Luo Stress Distribution in the Superior Labrum During Throwing Motion Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2005; 33(3): 395 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. W. M. O'Driscoll, R. L. Lawton, and A. M. Smith The "Moving Valgus Stress Test" for Medial Collateral Ligament Tears of the Elbow Am. J. Sports Med., February 1, 2005; 33(2): 231 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Mullaney, M. P. McHugh, T. M. Donofrio, and S. J. Nicholas Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Fatigue After a Baseball Pitching Performance Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2005; 33(1): 108 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Ahmad, M. C. Park, and N. S. ElAttrache Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Insufficiency Alters Posteromedial Olecranon Contact Am. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2004; 32(7): 1607 - 1612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Sabick, M. R. Torry, Y.-K. Kim, and R. J. Hawkins Humeral Torque in Professional Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 2004; 32(4): 892 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. N. Nazarian, J. M. McShane, M. G. Ciccotti, P. L. O'Kane, and M. I. Harwood Dynamic US of the Anterior Band of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow in Asymptomatic Major League Baseball Pitchers Radiology, April 1, 2003; 227(1): 149 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. Rohrbough, D. W. Altchek, J. Hyman, R. J. Williams III, and J. D. Botts Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow using the Docking Technique Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2002; 30(4): 541 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Osbahr, D. L. Cannon, and K. P. Speer Retroversion of the Humerus in the Throwing Shoulder of College Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2002; 30(3): 347 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Nakagawa, Y. Matsusue, N. Ikeda, Y. Asada, and T. Nakamura Osteochondral Grafting and Arthroplasty for End-Stage Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum: A Case Report and Review of the Literature Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2001; 29(5): 650 - 655. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Pradhan, E. Itoi, Y. Hatakeyama, M. Urayama, and K. Sato Superior Labral Strain during the Throwing Motion: A Cadaveric Study Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2001; 29(4): 488 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. S. Chen, A. S. Rokito, and F. W. Jobe Medial Elbow Problems in the Overhead-Throwing Athlete J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., March 1, 2001; 9(2): 99 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Murray, T. D. Cook, S. L. Werner, T. F. Schlegel, and R. J. Hawkins The Effects of Extended Play on Professional Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2001; 29(2): 137 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. F. Tyler, S. J. Nicholas, T. Roy, and G. W. Gleim Quantification of Posterior Capsule Tightness and Motion Loss in Patients with Shoulder Impingement Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2000; 28(5): 668 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Akagi, T. Ito, N. Ikeda, and T. Nakamura Total Avulsion Fracture of the Coronoid Tubercle Caused by Baseball Pitching: A Case Report Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2000; 28(4): 580 - 582. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Kuhn, M. J. Bey, L. J. Huston, R. B. Blasier, and L. J. Soslowsky Ligamentous Restraints to External Rotation of the Humerus in the Late-Cocking Phase of Throwing: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Investigation Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2000; 28(2): 200 - 205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Meister Injuries to the Shoulder in the Throwing Athlete: Part One: Biomechanics/Pathophysiology/Classification of Injury Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2000; 28(2): 265 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Takahara, T. Ogino, S. Fukushima, H. Tsuchida, and K. Kaneda Nonoperative Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 1999; 27(6): 728 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. TAKAHARA, M. SHUNDO, M. KONDO, K. SUZUKI, T. NAMBU, and T. OGINO Early Detection of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum in Young Baseball Players. Report of Three Cases J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., June 1, 1998; 80(6): 892 - 7. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Ogawa and A. Yoshida Throwing Fracture of the Humeral Shaft: An Analysis of 90 Patients Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 1998; 26(2): 242 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. MacWilliams, T. Choi, M. K. Perezous, E. Y. S. Chao, and E. G. McFarland Characteristic Ground-Reaction Forces in Baseball Pitching Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 1998; 26(1): 66 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. U. Bigliani, T. P. Codd, P. M. Connor, W. N. Levine, M. A. Littlefield, and S. J. Hershon Shoulder Motion and Laxity in the Professional Baseball Player Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 1997; 25(5): 609 - 613. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. H. CALLAWAY, L. D. FIELD, X.-H. DENG, P. A. TORZILLI, S. J. O'BRIEN, D. W. ALTCHEK, and R. F. WARREN Biomechanical Evaluation of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Elbow J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., August 1, 1997; 79(8): 1223 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Bak and S. P. Magnusson Shoulder Strength and Range of Motion in Symptomatic and Pain-Free Elite Swimmers Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 1997; 25(4): 454 - 459. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. Cordasco, I. N. Wolfe, M. E. Wootten, and L. U. Bigliani An Electromyographic Analysis of the Shoulder During a Medicine Ball Rehabilitation Program Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 1996; 24(3): 386 - 392. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Mikesky, J. E. Edwards, J. K. Wigglesworth, and S. Kunkel Eccentric and Concentric Strength of the Shoulder and Arm Musculature in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 1995; 23(5): 638 - 642. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Andrews and L. A. Timmerman Outcome of Elbow Surgery in Professional Baseball Players Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 1995; 23(4): 407 - 413. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Pappas, W. J. Morgan, L. A. Schulz, and R. Diana Wrist Kinematics During Pitching: A Preliminary Report Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 1995; 23(3): 312 - 315. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Fleisig, J. R. Andrews, C. J. Dillman, and R. F. Escamilla Kinetics of Baseball Pitching with Implications About Injury Mechanisms Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 1995; 23(2): 233 - 239. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. B. Cohen, M. A. Mont, K. R. Campbell, B. N. Vogelstein, and J. W. Loewy Upper Extremity Physical Factors Affecting Tennis Serve Velocity Am. J. Sports Med., December 1, 1994; 22(6): 746 - 750. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Ferrari, D. A. Ferrari, J. Coumas, and A. M. Pappas Posterior Ossification of the Shoulder: The Bennett Lesion: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 1994; 22(2): 171 - 176. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. C. Terry, D. Hammon, P. France, and L. A. Norwood The stabilizing function of passive shoulder restraints Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 1991; 19(1): 26 - 34. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J.P. Warner, L. J. Micheli, L. E. Arslanian, J. Kennedy, and R. Kennedy Patterns of flexibility, laxity, and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 1990; 18(4): 366 - 375. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Ringel, M. Treihaft, M. Carr, R. Fisher, and P. Jacobs Suprascapular neuropathy in pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 1990; 18(1): 80 - 86. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. P. Brown, S. L. Niehues, A. Harrah, P. Yavorsky, and H. P. Hirshman Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players Am. J. Sports Med., December 1, 1988; 16(6): 577 - 585. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Y. Hinton Isokinetic evaluation of shoulder rotational strength in high school baseball pitchers Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 1988; 16(3): 274 - 279. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Pappas, R. M. Zawacki, and C. F. Mccarthy Rehabilitation of the pitching shoulder Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 1985; 13(4): 223 - 235. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | CONTACT US | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
